Prof. Robert A. Schwartz

Biografía

A Historical Perspective of Lasers in Dermatology Prof. Robert A. Schwartz MD, MPH, DSc (Hon), MAE, FRCP Edin Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA The history of the laser as a fascinating one. We cover it by focusing on two University of California Berkeley Professors, Charles H. Townes and George C. Pimentel, and two professors of dermatology, Edmund Klein and Leon Goldman. The term “laser” itself is an acronym for Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based upon the above principle. It was originally named an optical MASER by Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow at Bell Labs in 1957. Gordon Gould coined the term LASER. The Maser principle of stimulated emission was proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. The first patent filed was dated April 1959 and awarded to Bell Labs in 1960. In 1964 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Townes and two Russians: Basov and Prokhorov. In 1960 physicist Theodore H. Maiman created the first working laser. Six Nobel Prizes have been awarded for laser work. The ruby laser systems patent filing of April 13, 1961 resulted in issuance on November 14, 1967. One laser patent battle was most extraordinary: a 28-year patent fight for a 17-year patent. Charles Townes became Professor at the University of California Berkeley in 1967, where he remained until his passing in 2015 at the age of 99. George C. Pimentel, who served as a Professor of Chemistry at the University of California Berkeley from 1949-1989, invented the chemical laser in 1965, pioneering the conversion of chemical energy released as product vibrational excitation into laser light. He inspired huge numbers of undergraduate students in his inorganic chemistry course, including at least one future dermatology professor, and many graduate students and colleagues as well. Dermatology Professor Edmund Klein escaped his native Vienna at age 17, worked with Nobelist Charles Best while a medical student at the University of Toronto, and then with Sidney Farber, Walter Lever, and others at Harvard University. Klein introduced lasers into biomedical research, for which he was honored by the American Society for Laser Medicine in 1986, although he is better known as the Father of Modern Immunotherapy and as a Lasker Award recipient. Dermatology Professor Leon Goldman introduced the laser for treating skin diseases. He has been universally proclaimed as the “Father of the Medical Laser.” Schawlow AL, Townes CH. Infrared and optical masers. Phys Rev 112: 1940-1949, 1958. Fine S, Maiman TH, Klein E, Scott RE. Biological effects of high peak power radiation. Life Sci 3: 209-222, 1964. Klein E, Fine S, Laor Y, Litwin M, Donoghue J, Simpson LC. Laser irradiation of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 43:565-570, 1964. Janniger EJ, Einhorn AC, Lambert WC. Remembering Edmund Klein: the Father of Immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol. 2023 Apr 27. doi: 10.1007/s12094-023-03157-x. Epub ahead of print. Kasper JVV, Pimentel GC: HCl chemical laser. Physical Review Letters. 14 (10): 352–354, 1965. Goldman L, Wilson RG: Treatment of basal cell epithelioma by laser radiation. JAMA 189: 773- 775, 1964. Goldman L, Schwartz RA: Lasers in dermatology. In: Skin Cancer Recognition and Management. RA Schwartz, Springer, Berlin, 1988.